The Centre
Design Synthesis
Design Optimisation
Material and Process Selection
Integration of Modelling with Process Selection
Support for Materials Teaching in Schools
Selection issues in the Design of Sports Products
Design and Joining of Flexible Materials
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Tools
Aerospace
Healthcare
Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC)
Design of Heavy Vehicle Suspensions

References

Engineering Design Centre

The Centre

The Engineering Design Centre (EDC), supported by a grant from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), entered its tenth year. The goals of the EDC are to develop, validate and disseminate fundamental design methods for the design of mechanical systems. The research programme is split into five main themes: Design Synthesis, Design Optimisation, Materials Selection, Knowledge Management and Knowledge Tools. The design methods and tools developed are tested on design applications in collaboration with industrial partners in the Aerospace and Healthcare sectors with increasing activity in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction sector. The value of the EDC's current 4-year EPSRC grant for 1997-2000 is £2 million. The collaborative project with Panasonic has continued.

The BAE SYSTEMS/Rolls-Royce University Technology Partnership (UTP) for Design, which links the two companies and the Universities of Southampton, Sheffield and Cambridge, was awarded a grant of £0.5 million by the EPSRC under their Innovative Manufacturing Initiative for Research into Knowledge Capture, Sharing and Reuse in the Design Process. This funding was matched by BAE SYSTEMS and Rolls-Royce, making a total grant to the three universities of £1 million.

A further grant from the EPSRC of £180k has also been awarded for defining Good Design Practice for Medical Devices and Equipment. In addition, The Post Office has provided funding for a Senior Research Fellow in the area of Inclusive Design 

Design Synthesis

Research in design synthesis aims to expand the role of the computer in the design process from a tool for modelling and analysis to a synthesis partner. For the mechanical domain, this project focuses on assisting the engineering designer in the early stages of the design process by generating conceptual solutions to an overall functional requirement, then generating viable embodiments of selected solutions. A number of methods for generating novel concepts, their alternative spatial layouts, and alternative physical embodiments have now been developed, in addition to tools which allow the designer to select from the large number of solutions that are often generated. Suitable concepts are then mapped into assemblies of generic components, whose parameters are automatically adjusted to satisfy all relevant constraints. The novel use of knowledge-based engineering together with object oriented physical system modelling tools, has enabled efficient constraint satisfaction together with "virtual prototype" simulation.

Within the structural domain, work to date has focused on development of a method that supports exploration of novel structural forms in relation to engineering and architectural performance for both routine and challenging scenarios. The method, called structural shape annealing, combines grammatical shape generation, performance evaluation and simulated annealing optimisation. Present work has focused on method and system development for use in education and practice including integration with current digital technologies. As a result of this work, a new industry sector focus is being formed to target research towards applications within the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries.

Using computer tools that create new designs in addition to modelling them will require changes in the way designers current use computation. Thus, rapid development of experimental systems is needed to enable studies of integrating computational synthesis methods within the design process. A software platform is under development to integrate multiple research tools into a seamless framework for supporting designers at the conceptual and embodiment stages of design. 

Design Optimisation

The aim of this theme is to develop methods and tools for design optimisation to achieve market, product performance and manufacturing objectives. There is active interest both in the development of generic optimisation methods for engineering design and in problem-specific algorithms. In the former area there is a particular emphasis on multiobjective optimisation; in the latter the focus is on structural design, both for continuum structures through the Metamorphic Development method and for truss and frame structures through structural shape annealing in collaboration with the Design Synthesis group. Research is also being conducted investigating the reasons why the take-up of design optimisation methods and tools within UK industry is so low.

Material and Process Selection

The aim of this theme is to understand, model and support the selection of materials, shapes, manufacturing processes and standard components. This theme is intimately linked with Design Optimisation because, to complete the physical description of the product, materials have to be selected for every component; materials and shapes have to be matched; and material manufacturing processes selected. Recent research has delivered an advanced Materials Selection System coupled with a Shaping Process Selector and a Structural Sections database. A Selection System for Joining Processes is under development, special applications into materials selection for Sports Equipment, innovation with new materials and a study of the role of materials in Industrial Design.

The first three items have been integrated in the Cambridge Engineering Selector Software Package released in 1999. Meanwhile, work continues on methodology for selection of Joining Processes, and for selection for sound environmental design and for product design^(D6,E4). 

Integration of Modelling with Process Selection

Dr H.R. Shercliff
Professor M.F. Ashby 

The role of modelling has been studied further for problems of process selection in which there is strong interaction between characteristics of the process, the material, and the design. Processes studied include casting, joining, heat treatment of steels, and surface engineering, in collaboration with the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, France. Modelling methods range from physically-based approaches to advanced statistical methods.

Support for Materials Teaching in Schools

Dr H.R. Shercliff 

A CD-ROM and supporting booklets have been published to support the teaching of materials in schools and colleges^(D57), in collaboration with the University of Manchester, with the support of the Technology Enhancement Programme (part of the Gatsby Technical Education Project), and an EPSRC Public Understanding of science award. Additional case study material has also been written for the OCR Examination Board, and the resources made available via a Website (http://www-materials.eng.cam.ac.uk/mpsite). The resources are adapted from the selection methods developed by Professor M.F. Ashby in the Cambridge EDC. The Institute of Physics also published their new "Advancing Physics" A level course on CD-ROM, incorporating the interactive material selection charts from this project^(D56), and a chapter on material and process selection was written for the new edition of "Advanced Design and Technology", published by Pearson Education^(D65).

Selection Issues in the Design of Sports Products

The design of sports products offers unusual opportunities for innovation in choice of material and manufacturing process. This project is exploring technology transfer between different sports sectors, by capturing design information about sports products and seeking commonality between designs from previously unrelated products^{(D40,D41,D42)}. A dedicated database, CES-Sports, has been constructed using the Cambridge Engineering Selector, and applied to a variety of case studies. Other methods of mapping design data, such as cluster analysis, are being evaluated. 

Design and Joining of Flexible Materials

Flexible engineering materials range from polymer films to woven and non-woven textiles, but the design data relating to them is very diverse and application specific. This project aims to rationalise material data for these materials, using customised material selection charts, and to provide a software tool for selection of joining method, using the Cambridge Engineering Selector. Tensile and tear testing of technical textiles and joints have been started in collaboration with Buro Happold. The research is continuing as a collaborative post-graduate training partnership (PTP) project with TWI, with the emphasis on development of a new laser joining process for polymers and textiles. 

Knowledge Management

The research programme focuses on two main themes: the capture, sharing and reuse of engineering design knowledge; and the storage of information in Data Management Systems (DMSs). As part of the first theme, a study has been undertaken into understanding more fully how experienced designers and novice designers approach design tasks. In total 34 designers at Rolls-Royce assisted with the observational studies and interviews. The results of this research are being applied within Rolls-Royce to help restructure their intranet. In addition, a new training method has been developed to encourage novice designers to approach design tasks in a similar way to experienced designers. Another research project in this theme has resulted in a method of extracting design heuristics using self-organising maps. This method has been successfully tested using combustion rig test data from Rolls-Royce and is now being applied to other suitable data sets. The research in the second theme has involved studying the DMSs at BAE SYSTEMS and Rolls-Royce. This has helped the development of the EDC's own DMS to demonstrate the next generation of features.

Knowledge Tools

The Knowledge Tools theme is closely associated with the Knowledge Management theme. The aim is to develop methods and tools for guiding designers, particularly at the conceptual stages of design. When working on certain aspects of a design, for example validation or reliability, designers need specialised guidance to help them optimise the emerging product configuration. Examples of this research include the development of: design for reliability and design for validation methods; design rules for computer interfaces for the motion-impaired; and design tools to encourage inclusive design. In addition, the development of tools to support the management of complex design processes continues, with the development of a 'signposting' tool and methods for predicting change propagation in design. A workbook on 'design for low volume manufacture' is soon to be published with the DTI.

Aerospace

Mr K.M. Wallace 

The collaboration with aerospace companies is now mainly with BAE SYSTEMS and Rolls-Royce through the University Technology Partnership (UTP) for Design, which successfully completed its second annual review in September 2000. The aerospace industry, like many other industrial sectors, is facing increasing commercial pressures. These are driving the industry to shorten lead times and cut costs. To achieve these aims, it is important that the design process becomes more effective and efficient. However, working patterns are changing and staff are much more mobile than they were in the past. Traditionally design knowledge and experience have been stored in the heads of experts, who often stayed with one company for the whole of their working careers. Now design is more distributed, staff move around more and retire earlier. A particular challenge is how to retain design knowledge and experience without relying on experts being available to help. This problem is being tackled by the UTP's research programme in collaboration with colleagues at the Universities of Southampton and Sheffield.

Healthcare

Dr P.J. Clarkson 

The interest here is in two aspects: the increasing priority being given to the needs of disabled people; and the needs of medical equipment manufacturers for designs that may be validated in order to meet regulatory requirements. Cambridge Consultants are currently supporting the development of a new methodology to support the design and validation of medical devices. A Mobile Arm Support (MAS) is being developed as an assistive aid for Muscular Dystrophy sufferers and it is hoped that this may be commercialised in the near future. Research is also being undertaken in collaboration with the University Computer Laboratory and local companies to define best practice for human-computer interface design suitable for able-bodied and disabled users. A new project is also being established with the Royal College of Art, The London Institute and the Design Council to develop design tools to encourage inclusive design. 

Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC)

Creation of a new industry sector is underway to focus on design methods and software tools for the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) community. This group aims to support the combined interests of architectural and structural engineering firms, as the UK is home to many of the leading high-tech firms, in addition to the CAD companies that currently support them. The initial focus is on synthesis methods and software prototypes for exploring architectural form and discrete structures. Work began with Bentley systems, maker of Microstation, towards integration of structural synthesis methods within existing products as well as next generation systems. 

Other Design Topics

Design of Heavy Vehicle Suspensions

An experimental heavy commercial vehicle is currently being constructed as a test-bed for design concepts that have been developed in recent research projects. The 5-axle, 38 tonne vehicle is based on tractor and semi-trailer units provided by industrial partners in the Cambridge Vehicle Dynamics Consortium, supplemented with the following systems: (i) hydraulically operated active anti-roll bars, to maximise roll-over performance; (ii) controllable 'semi-active' dampers, to improve the ride performance, make the vehicle more 'road-friendly' and increase the payload volume; (iii) a digital data network connecting 5 distributed computer controllers to the multitude of actuators and sensors on the vehicle. Laboratory and track testing will begin in 2001.

D1. Ahmed, S., Wallace, K.M., Blessing, L.T.M., Moss, M. Identifying differences between novice and experienced designers (Keynote address). Proceedings, Engineering Design Conference 2000: Design for Excellence (EDC 2000), Uxbridge (June 2000); Edited by S. Sivaloganathan, P.T.J. Andrews, 97-106 (Professional Engineering Publishing, 2000). ISBN 1 86058 259 1.

D2. Alexander, K.L., Clarkson, P.J. Good design practice for medical devices and equipment, Part I: a review of current literature. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, 24, (1), 5-13 (January-February 2000).

D3. Alexander, K.L., Clarkson, P.J. Good design practice for medical devices and equipment, Part II: design for validation. Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, 24, (2), 53-62 (March-April 2000).

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D5. Alexander, K.L., Clarkson, P.J., Bishop, D. Observations on medical device design, Part II: good practice. Medical Device Technology, 10, (8), 24-28 (October 1999).

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D13. Blessing, L.T.M., Parker, N. Information needs of SMEs. Cambridge University Engineering Department Technical Report CUED/C-EDC/TR.94 (March 2000).

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D16. Bracewell, R.H., Sharpe, J.E.E., Johnson, A.L. The use of object orientated modelling and simulation tools in constraint satisfaction for engineering design. Proceedings, IEE Seminar on Tools for Simulation and Modelling, London (March 2000). IEE Colloquium Digest 00/043 (Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2000).

D17. Brechet, Y., Ashby, M.F., Salvo, L. Sélection des Matériaux et des Procédes. (Presses Universitaires de Lausanne, 2000).

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D19. Chakrabarti, A., Morgenstern, S., Knaab, H. Identification and application of requirements and their impact on design process: A protocol study. Cambridge University Engineering Department Technical Report CUED/C-EDC/TR.76 (1999).

D20. Charlton, C.T., Wallace, K.M. Reminding and context in design: a model inspired by language. Artificial Intelligence in Design '00: Proceedings, 6th International Conference (AID 2000), Worcester, MA, USA (June 2000); Edited by J.S. Gero, 1, 569-588 (Kluwer Academic, 2000). ISBN 0-7923-6353-1.

D21. Charlton, C.T., Wallace, K.M. A web broker for component retrieval in mechanical engineering. Design Studies, 21, (2), 167-186 (2000).

D22. Clarkson, PJ. Medical device design: current practice and good practice. Proceedings, Management Forum: Recent Advances in Pressurised Inhalers, London (March 2000).

D23. Clarkson, P.J. 'Signposting', the design process. Proceedings, Knowledge-Based Organization (KBO) Conference, Paris, France (February 2000).

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D71. Stacey, M.K., Clarkson, P.J., Eckert, C.M. Signposting: an AI approach to supporting human decision making in design. Proceedings, ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences (DETC 2000), 20th Computers and Information in Engineering (CIE) Conference, Baltimore, MD, USA (September 2000), 1, 141-150, and CD Rom: DETC2000/CIE-14617 (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000). ISBN 0791835111 and CD Rom version.

D72. Suppapitnarm, A., Seffen, K.A., Parks, G.T., Clarkson, P.J. A simulated annealing algorithm for multiobjective optimisation. Engineering Optimization, 33, (1), 59-85 (2000).

D73. Suppapitnarm, A., Shea, K., Parks, G.T., Clarkson, P.J. Topological optimisation of bicycle frames using a structural shape grammar. Engineering Design Optimization: Product and Process Improvement: Proceedings, 2nd ASMO UK/ISSMO Conference, Swansea (July 2000); Edited by J. Sienz, 1, 211-218 (University of Wales Swansea, 2000). ISBN 0860761681.

D74. Upton, N.K., Blessing, L.T.M. Methods for evaluating engineering information technology. Proceedings, 12th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED 99), Munich, Germany; Edited by U. Lindemann, H. Birkhofer, H. Meerkamm, S. Vajna, 1, 253-256 (August 1999). ISBN 3-922979-53-X.

D75. Wallace, K.M. Approaches to design. Proceedings, Engineering Design Conference 2000: Design for Excellence (EDC 2000), Uxbridge (June 2000); Edited by S. Sivaloganathan, P.T.J. Andrews, 807-810 (Professional Engineering Publishing, 2000). ISBN 1-86058-259-1.

D76. Wallace, K.M. Editorial. Research in Engineering Design, 12, (1), 1 (2000).

D77. Wallace, K.M., Blessing, L.T.M. Visions for design research. Critical Enthusiasm: Contributions to Design Science; Edited by N.H. Mortensen, J. Sigurjónsson, 193-199 (Department of Control and Engineering Design, Danish Technical University, Denmark, 1999).

D78. Wallace, K.M., Blessing, LT.M. Observations on some German contributions to engineering design in memory of Professor Wolfgang Beitz. Research in Engineering Design, 12, (1), 2-7 (2000).

D79. Wegst, U.G.K., Ashby, M.F. Environmentally-conscious materials selection and design of sports equipment. Engineering of Sport: Research Development and Innovation: Selected Papers, 3rd International Sports Engineering Association Conference, Sydney, Australia (June 2000); Edited by A.J. Subic, S.J. Haake, 521-531 (Blackwell Science, 2000). ISBN 0632055634.

D80. Wegst, U.G.K., Ashby, M.F. The CIRAD-CMS woods database. Cambridge University Engineering Department Technical Report CUED/C-EDC/TR.75 (1999).

D81. Wegst, U.G.K., Ashby, M.F. The mechanical efficiency of natural materials and bionics. Cambridge University Engineering Department Technical Report CUED/C-EDC/TR.103 (January 2000).

D82. Yang, X., Liu, J.S., Parks, G.T., Clarkson, P.J., Xie, Y-M. An investigation of the effect of element size on optimal topology design of 2D continua. Engineering Design Optimization: Product and Process Improvement: Proceedings, 2nd ASMO UK/ISSMO Conference, Swansea (July 2000); Edited by J. Sienz, 1, 257-263 (University of Wales Swansea, 2000). ISBN 0860761681.

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Last modified: June 2000