A 'body' is a collection of particles. Therefore Newton's laws can be applied to individual particles in a rigid body then summed up over a body to see how they relate to the motion of a body.


If the results of this for all particles are added together this becomes:

The sum of
the mass of all particles is given by
,
which is in turn equal to the total mass of the system.
The position of the center of mass, G is given by
, where

Therefore:


The total external force is given by the sum of all the individual external forces:

All the internal forces cancels in pairs

